Essay on Domestic Violence and the Effect It Has on Family

Domestic violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). In most places domestic violence is looked on as one of the higher priorities when trying to stop crime. Domestic Violence cases are thought to be influenced by the use of alcohol, drugs, stress or anger but in reality, they are just learned behaviors by the batterer. These habits can be stopped as long as one seeks help (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). For instance, a child is brought up in a household that is constantly involved in criminal acts. As this child grows up, the criminal lifestyle will be synonymous with his/her behavior. With that being said, it is†¦show more content†¦Physical health of the battered is not visible for the naked eye but one will be able to tell if he or she knows how to spot the issue. Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury to women between the ages of 15 and 4 4 in the United States, more than car accidents, muggings, and rapes combined (Stewart Croudep, 198-2012). Women are not always the victims of domestic violence; men can also be affected by domestic violence. Every year in the U.S., about 3.2 million men are the victims of an assault by an intimate partner (Stewert Croudep, 1998-2012). That is a huge portion of the population when comparing the numbers of other injuries that are reported. Men do not usually report physical abuse because they feel as if it emasculates them or that they will not be taken seriously. This could be problematic to the male’s mental state. The mental state of both men and women are traumatized when domestic violence is happening. When the victim is being battered, the batterer will convince the other that he or she deserves the punishment and that it was their fault and need to be punished. With this mind set always being pushed on the victim, the victim will never be confident in themselves. The battered will also be bruised and possibly made fun of depending on if he or she has a job. The emotional and psychological abuse inflicted by batterers may be more costly to treat in theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence and the Effect it has on Family1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Domestic violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm† (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). In most places domestic violence is looked on as one of the higher priorities when trying to stop crime. Domestic Violence cases are thought to be influenced by the use of alcohol, drugs, stress or anger but in reality, they are just learned behaviors by the batterer. These habits can be stopped as long as one seeks helpRead MoreEffects of Domestic Violence on Children1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe biggest victims of domestic violence are the littlest. The home is a suppose to be a safe and secure environment for childr en with loving parents and free from violence. Children need a secure environment where they can come home to when the outside world is unsafe. However, every year there are millions of children who’s homes are not a safe haven. Millions of children are exposed to a parent being violently assaulted. Domestic violence is a prevalent social issue in America today. First, whoRead MoreChildren And Effects Of Domestic Violence1612 Words   |  7 PagesCHILDREN AND THE EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Children and the Effects of Domestic Violence in the Home Domestic violence is any behavior of physical, sexual, emotional, or physiological acts or threats that intimidate a person or partner by trying to control or maintain power. Unfortunately, many children experience these harmful acts in the home between family members, all of different ages, ethnicities, and statuses. When thinking about a safe and healthy childhood and environment, what comesRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1529 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence on Children1540 Words   |  7 PagesProject: The Effects of Domestic Violence on Children Trudy Root Kaplan University CM107-11 Children are negatively impacted by the surrounding of domestic violence in multiple ways, in which need to be identified. The audience that needs to be aware of domestic abuse’s effects on children is adults that care for children; such as pediatricians, teachers, counselors, and parents. The issue that needs to be addressed is the negative effects on children involved in a domestic violence situationRead MoreDomestic Violence : The Horrific Effects Of Abuse1464 Words   |  6 PagesDOMESTIC VIOLENCE: The Horrifying Effects of Abuse â€Å"To those who abuse: the sin yours, the crime is yours, and the shame is yours. To those who protect the perpetrators: blaming the victims only masks the evil within, making you as guilty as those who abuse. Stand up for the innocent or go down with the rest†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are the words of an individual who sees too clearly the injustice which comes with domestic violence toward women. The United States government estimates one in every four women willRead MoreDomestic Violence : Violence Between Adult Intimate Partners1632 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence Introduction Domestic Violence isn t just hitting, or fighting, or an occasional mean argument. It s a chronic abuse of power. The abuser tortures and controls the victim by calculated threats, intimidation, and physical violence. Actual physical violence is often the end result of months or years of intimidation and control. Defining the problem: Domestic violence is violence between adult intimate partners. Though the definition above seems simple enough (it is widely acceptedRead MoreChild Exposure to Domestic Violence1163 Words   |  5 PagesChild Exposure to Domestic Violence Introduction: Domestic Violence is any willful intimidations, sexual assault, physical assaults, or any other forms of physical or verbal violent behavior by one intimate partner towards another. Domestic Violence can create both psychological and emotional effects on both the intended victim and anyone that witnesses it to include children. Some children that witness domestic violence are experiencing serious effects that they have to deal with all theirRead MoreThe Effects of Domestic Violence1831 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic Violence What effects does domestic violence have on the victim and their families? Domestic violence has a tremendous effect on people lives. It is a terrible crime and is happening each day. It is said that every 9 seconds a women is assaulted or beaten. Domestic violence is the leading cause of injury in women. This crime is very common and happens to people that you may even know. â€Å"Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive and threatening behaviors that may include physical, emotionalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Children1445 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is domestic Violence? Domestic Violence is described as violent or aggressive behavior within the home, typically involving the violent abuse of a spouse or partner. Many children end up being the victims to seeing domestic violence in the home which is very unhealthy to their development. Some children may development resentment toward both parents- one for not leaving and the other for causing the abuse. Depression, aggressive behavior, emotional distress and suicide depending on the severity

The Odyssey By Homer And The Old Testaments - 1070 Words

The Odyssey by Homer and the Old Testaments: King James Version are two of the most read and most sophisticated pieces of literature that have transcended through generations. While they share similar qualities; both greatly differ as well, especially when it comes to the women characters. Classical historian and professor of classical studies at Wellesley College, Mary Lefkowitz, makes a significant contrast between these two famous writings. She believes that a major difference between the women of each story differ dramatically when it comes to their personality and actions. â€Å"[Although] the notion... that a man should be active and aggressive, a women passive and subjected to the control of the men in her family, are expressed in virtually every Greek myth, even the ones in which the women seek to gain control over their own live.†¦[so] that it is possible to show that the Greeks at least attributed to women a capacity for understanding that we do not alway find in the other great mythological tradition that has influenced Western thought, namely, the Old and New Testaments. (Women in Greek Myth, Mary Lefkowitz). I completely agree with Lefkowitz statement on these characters, it’s very clear that most of the women in the Old Testament are very flat while the Odyssey is full of well rounded characters especially when it comes to Jacob’s wife Rachel and Odysseus s wife Penelope. 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Performance Measures Transportation Systems â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discus About The Performance Measures Transportation Systems? Answer: Introduction Competition is increasing, demands of customers are changing that forces business to change or improve their strategies (David, and Joseph, 2014). For sustaining into the competitive environment business implement different techniques and tools for improving their performances and strategies. Performance measurement system is one of the important tool for every organization as it helps in measuring the performance of an employee, a team or an organization that results in taking corrective actions to improve the performance. It reflects whether the performance of department has improved or ruined. In last decades, researchers used to study about performance of business, measurement definitions and its measurement systems. Later, researchers developed different models and frameworks for performance measurement (David, and Joseph, 2014). In this report performance measurement system is designed for Delivery department of Woolworths supermarket. Woolworths supermarket has its retail business throughout New Zealand and Australia (Woolworths group. 2017). It is the second largest retail organization in Australia in terms of revenues after Wesfarmers Limited. In the year 1924 the organization has started its business operations by launching its first store in Sydney. In the year 2012, the organization has become one of the largest retail stores in Australia and New Zealand (Woolworths group. 2017). This is the subsidiary of a well-known brand, i.e. Woolworths limited. It operated different brands, such as; Dick Smith Electronics, Safeway Supermarkets, Big W, BMS, Tandy etc. Currently, Woolworths has 1000 retail stores across Australia, from which 968 are supermarkets and 19 are convenience stores (Woolworths group. 2017). Which carry similar logo of Woolworths. Mostly, the company sells groceries, like; fruits, vegetable s, meat, packed food products etc. with this it also sells magazines, stationary goods and DVDs. With Coles, this organization makes a duopoly of supermarkets in Australia, accounting approximately 80% of the Australian industry. Companys goal is to provide good services to their customers and deliver the product to their nearest place. They serve over 29 million customers every week with team of 205,000 employees (Woolworths group. 2017). With addition to this report also includes justification of design for company and for management accounting theory. Accounting for design process is also shown in this report.; Design of the performance measurement system Define the objective Setting objectives for different departments of the organization is very important as it provides a blue print to the employees. In this stage, short term and long term objectives will be decided for delivery department by its manager. While deciding objectives for the department companys main focus should be on improving customer services, satisfaction of the customers, maintaining proper records and building good relations with the clients (Green, 2017). For achieving these objectives business should appoint employees with good communication and interpersonal skills. Delivery manager should identify new systems to make services customer centric and competitive. For maintaining customer satisfaction business should maintain good relations with their clients and suppliers. Organizations that maintain proper records can achieve their decided goals effectively. As maintaining proper track of clients and customers can help in improving service quality (Green, 2017). Delivery manager sho uld be very much competent towards achieving the objective and it can be achieved by motivating employees for improving their services and fulfilling the targets. Aligning performance key indicators Key performance indicator is a computable value that determines how successfully a company is attaining business objectives (Logistics bureau. 2013). For fulfilling targets organizations use key performance indicators at different levels. It focuses on performance of the business and processes of different departments (Logistics bureau. 2013). Different key performance indicators are: Capturing of order: It is one of the important indicators of delivery department. Performance can be measured by checking the number of orders received from the customers. If business will receive less orders as compared to previous month it means there is any problem. Number of orders placed by customers should be analyzed monthly or quarterly to know the performance of the business. If there is reduction in the number of placed orders then they should improve their performance and service quality for sustaining in the competitive market (Logistics bureau. 2013). Management of inventory: Delivery manager should manage the inventory properly so that the stock does not gets damaged. In this proper records are maintained by manager of the stock that has been sold and stock of finished products for sale. If inventories are not managed properly then it creates financial problems and shortage of inventory (Ogbo, Victoria and Ukpere, 2014). Purchasing and supply management: Purchase and supply management both are important for the business as it affects the cost of the product and overall profit of the business. Delivery department should provide information of the stock in a timely manner. This information should be provided to the purchasing department in order to eliminate the shortage of the stock (Weele, 2004). Adequate use of resources is essential for overall performance. In relation to this the business should choose those suppliers who can provide good quality of products on time as poor quality products increase the cost incurred by the company for the purchasing of the product (Moser, 2007). Warehousing: Warehousing is a process of storing the stock of the company in a building from where stocks can be delivered easily to the customers. Warehouses protect the stock from getting damaged and reduces the time taken in delivery of the product. Packaging of the product is also done in the warehouses (Keller, and Keller, 2014). Transportation: Carrying of goods from one place to another is known as transportation. It connects the business from its suppliers and customers. Transportation provides its major contribution in the customer satisfaction. It supports two commercial utilities i.e. place and time (Turnbull, K. F. 2005). Performance measurement Performance measurement is a process of assembling, evaluating and recording information regarding the performance of an employee, a team or an organization. It can be done by comparing actual performance with assigned performance standards. It is also known as performance appraisal that involves systematic evaluation of employees (Word press. 2017). It is a structured system that evaluates work and behavior of the employees. Factors that are considered for measuring the performance of the employees are knowledge of the job, communication, leadership quality, etc. (Word press. 2017). Methods that are used for performance measurement are as follows:- 360 Degree feedback- It is a process in which employees provide feedback about their colleagues or team. 360 degree feedback technique is very helpful in self-development. Organizations use this technique for measuring customer satisfaction, team management and interactive skills (Healthfield, 2016). Negative side of this technique is that it involves multiple raters that might not represent correct or balanced feedback. Self-evaluation- Self-evaluation is part of performance appraisal because it serves a genuine purpose as it helps in development of the career (Fleschner, 2017). Woolworths supermarket can ask their employees for setting their own objectives timely basis. Through this they can evaluate themselves and provide feedback to their managers about achieving their self-made objectives. Balanced scorecard: It is a performance measurement technique used to measure the activities of a company. For long term benefits balanced scorecard technique focuses on marketing, operational, financial and development outputs. It is an instrument which provides navigation towards future success (Zizlavsky, 2014). Rating scales: Rating scales involves criteria of the performance such as attendance, loyalty, creativity, attitude, outcomes etc. It provides ranges to employees from excellent to poor. Then all the scores are calculated that will reflect the performance of the employees (Performance appraisal. 2010). Advantages of rating scales are it is easy to use and adopt, inexpensive, suitable for all types of jobs. Psychological appraisals: Psychological appraisal is concerned about the future performance of the employees rather than their past performance. Its main focus is on the personal characteristics that affects the performance of the employees. Besides this psychological appraisal is costly and time consuming (Cooper and Rothmann, 2013). Check list: Under checklist method, different questions are prepared with options of yes or no. Superior who is responsible for this only prepare the checklist but final evaluating and rating is given by the HR of the company (Libraries. 2017). This method can help Woolworths supermarket in preparing the list of responsibilities for each of the employees in delivery department and then they can evaluate their performance. Scope of improvement Any retail business needs to make improvements in its way of working in order to attain its organizational objectives (Roberthall. 2014). Woolworths can make some improvements in their delivery department according to the deviations reflected in the above stage of performance measurement. Improvements that business can make in its delivery department are as follows:- Software of addressing is used by the business for noting the address of the customer so that they can recheck the address at the time of delivery (Bennett, 2014). As false address can result in delivery failure or delay in delivery and this can reflect negative image of the company in the customers mind. Improvement can be done in the delivery system by checking the list of the activities is done correctly. Tracking of vehicle can help business to provide information of the product to its customer and it helps in cutting the fuel cost. Business can opt outsourcing for delivery whenever it is appropriate. GPS system can help in providing updates of the products to the customers through emails and texts. Drivers that are appointed by business should be trained as they represent the business. They are the ones who interact face to face with the customers so they should greet customers with a smile on their face and feedback should be asked from the customers to know where they are lack ing in order to do improvements (Bennett, 2014). Corrective actions After completing performance measurement and searching for scope of improvements next stage is of taking corrective actions. In this stage business will take different decisions for solving the problems of employees performance (University of Washington. 2017). Association between the supervisor and employee should be such that the corrective action is implemented rather than taking negative actions against the employee (University of Washington. 2017). Corrective actions that business can take are:- Training program: Business can start training sessions for their employees to help them in resolving their problems. Training is meant to increase the productivity, revenue, profits, decreases waste and cost (Dalto, 2014). It increases satisfaction of employees and reduces employee turnover. There are different techniques available for training such as Whiteboard or blackboard, projector, power point presentation, storytelling, group discussion, quizzes, case studies, etc. (Training today. 2016). Motivation: Motivation is another technique that helps in increasing productivity and improving the performance of the employees. Motivation can be done in two ways i.e. monetary motivation and non-monetary motivations. Monetary motivation can be done by salary increment, incentives and other monetary benefits. Non-monetary motivations involve promotion (increase in designation), recognition of the work, non-monetary rewards and appreciation (Sturman, and Ford, 2011). Feedback: Feedback provides a better reflection of the work as it helps in identifying the root cause of the problem. Feedback is important for improving the present performance of the employee and future actions (Office of personnel management. 2017). Counselling: Counselling is provided to that person who is going through a problem. Counselling helps the employee to have a positive perception towards the work. It helps employee to see things differently. Professionals are appointed for counselling of employees. These professionals are well trained and can handle the situation properly (Ekpang, 2015). Justification of the design for the company Woolworths supermarket comprise with different departments. Measuring the performance of these departments is very important for the business. Delivery department is one of the department that need proper assistance and system for improving the performance. Performance measurement is a process of assembling, evaluating and recording information regarding the performance of an employee, a team or an organization. The above mentioned system is designed for Woolworths supermarket as it can help the company for measuring the performance of their employees. System include different stages such as defining the objective, aligning performance key indicators, performance measurement, scope of improvement and corrective actions. First stage included in the design is defining the objective because it is very important for business to decide the objectives for business as well as for employees. Objectives provide a wider image of companys goal. Superior should provide proper communication about the set objectives for eliminating doubts. Second stage of the design includes aligning performance key indicators as it sets some standards on which department and employees performance will be measured. Different key indicators are explained above as that will help Woolworths supermarket to set the performance standards. Third stage of the designed system is performance measurement. Performance measurement is included in the system because this stage will help business to measure the performance of the department and employees. It can be done by comparing actual performance with set standards. Company can use different methods for measuring the performance that are explained above. 360 degree, self-evaluation, balance d scorecard, rating scales, psychological appraisals. These methods will help superiors to check the progress of department and where they are lacking. Measurement of performance stage will guide the superiors for taking correct action. Fourth stage is of scope of improvement. This stage was included in the design because it is important for concerned superiors for making improvements reflected in the third stage. Fifth stage of the system explains corrective actions. It is important for business to take actions for solving the problems faced by the department and employees. Actions that business can prefer are training, motivation and counselling. Justification for Management accounting theory Business use an accounting system for taking decisions that system is known as management accounting. For the development of policies and procedures for the business management accounting provides essential information (Epstein and Lee, 2008). For improving the business services management accounting provide guidance to its management. Different budgets are prepared by the management for controlling the operations of the business. Management accounting use different tools to recognize and examine the problems in the business (Epstein and Lee, 2008). Scope of management accounting are Financial accounting, Cost accounting, Statistical methods and operations research, some of them are explained below:- Financial accounting: Financial accounting provides past information of the business and through this information different strategies and policies are formed. It also helps in forecasting future activities like sales, purchase etc. for the business (Berry, A. 1999). Cost accounting: Cost accounting helps in providing information related to cost of product and services. Tools that are used to interpret this information and form policies are standard costing, marginal costing, unit costing, batch costing, process costing, etc. Design of performance measurement system will help Woolworths for make decisions to improve the performance of the business by considering the budget of the business. Keeping in mind the role of management accounting and performance measurement system to improve the social and financial performance designing of the system is done accordingly. Aspects that are considered is cost of performance measurement system and its benefits to the business, impact of the system on business and reactions of the investors. System will help the superiors of the Woolworths in making different policies and strategies for improving the social and financial performance of the department. Accounting for the design process Group of 4 students have designed this performance measurement system for Woolworths supermarket. All of us were very excited for designing this system as it was a new experience for all of us. We all learned a lot while doing this assignment about our skills, knowledge and perception. Through this assignment we came to know about Woolworths supermarket and its working. At the initially stage we were bit confused about designing the performance measurement system as before this none of us had designed this type of system. All the team members invested their time throughout the process of preparing the system and its report. Report and system is prepared due to the efforts of all the team members. While preparing this report and system of performance measurement we faced some problems too, like miscommunication between the team members, difference in the thought process, different point of view and behavior. Before designing the system all the members of our group decided to find out topic related material and study it to have a clear image of the topic. Then we decided to start the designing, but all the members had different opinions so it was creating a problem for all of us. Like when we were deciding about the stages to be included in the system all of us were explaining different stages which was not possible. To solve this problem we all decided to sit together, then we heard all the members ideas merged them together and came out with five stages of performance measurement system they are defining the objective, identifying key performance indicators, performance measurement, scope of improvement and corrective actions. We have discussed some key indicators in this report like capturing of order, management of inventory, Purchasing and supplier management, warehousing and transportation. With this different methods of performance measurement are also discussed in the report such as 360 degree feedback, self-evaluation, balanced scorecard, Rating scales, psychological appraisals and check list. In this report we have justified our design by using management accounting theory. All the members of our team have contributed their best for designing the performance measurement system and report. Conclusion In the conclusion it can be said that performance measurement system is very important for all the business as it guides the manager about deviations in the department or company. Performance measurement is a process of assembling, evaluating and recording information regarding the performance of an employee, a team or an organization. In this report designing of measurement system is done for Woolworths supermarket. Woolworths supermarket has its retail business throughout New Zealand and Australia. It is the second largest retail organization in Australia in terms of revenues after Wesfarmers Limited. Design of the system includes five stages such as Defining the objective, Aligning key performance indicators, Performance measurement, Scope of improvement and corrective actions. Defining of objective stage explains that objectives helps business to achieve their goals as it provides a blue print to the employees. In this stage, short term and long term objectives will be decided for delivery department of Woolworths supermarket by its manager. Aligning key performance indicators is the second stage included in the design because it provides a numerical value that helps business in analyzing how successfully a department is attaining business objectives. Key indicators that Woolworth can use are Capturing of order, Management of inventory, Purchasing and supplier management, Warehousing and transportation. Third stage that is included in the design is Performance measurement because it evaluates the performance of employees systematically. Methods of performance measurement that are explained above in the report are 360 degree feedback, self-evaluation, balanced scorecard, rating scales, psychological appraisals and check lists. Scope of improvement is the fo urth stage of the performance measurement system. This stage will help managers to know the areas where improvement is required. Last stage that is included in the design is Corrective actions. This stage will help employees to improve their performance and learn new things. Justification of the design is provided above and it can be said that design will help Woolworths supermarket to improve their performance. Managerial accounting theory is also explained in the report to provide the justification of the performance measurement system. All the members of team have provided their views to design this system. References Bennett, H. 2014. 5 Simple Ways to Improve Employee Utilization and Productivity. Accessed on: 21 September, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.keyedin.com/keyedinprojects/article/5-simple-ways-to-improve-employee-utilization-and-productivity Berry, A. 1999. Financial Accounting: An Introduction. Cengage Learning EMEA, pp. 3-41. Cooper, C and Rothmann, I. 2013. Organizational and Work Psychology: Topics in Applied Psychology. Routledge, pp. 207-262. Dalto, J. 2014. How to create an effective training program: 8 steps to success. Accessed on: 22 September, 2017. Accessed from: https://www.google.co.in/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=7cad=rjauact=8ved=0ahUKEwje6uz8hrjWAhUMKo8KHRxsC0UQFghHMAYurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.convergencetraining.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-to-create-an-effective-training-program-8-steps-to-successusg=AFQjCNEPp-Zo24NsPcV2z74noSVhay9yHA David, R. and Joseph. J. E. 2014. Study on performance measurement systems Measures and Metrics. International journal of scientific and research publications, 4(9), pp. 1-10. Ekpang, P. U. 2015. Counselling for effective work performance: A way for service improvement. Journal of humanities and social science, 20(3), pp. 39-43. Epstein, M. J and Lee, J. Y. 2008. Advances in Management Accounting. Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 2-309. Fleschner, M. 2017. How to Handle the Self-Evaluation Component of Your Performance Assessment. Accessed on: 21, September 2017. 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Materialism Vs Idealism Essays (562 words) - Monism, Ontology

Materialism vs Idealism annon History tells us very little of Titus Lucretius Carus, but one can see from reading his work that he has a strong dislike towards religious superstition, which he claims is the root of human fear and in turn the cause of impious acts. Although he does not deny the existence of a god, his work is aimed at proving that the world is not guided or controlled by a divinity. Lucretius asserts that matter exists in the form of atoms, which move around the universe in an empty space. This empty space, or vacuity, allows for the movement of the atoms and without it everything would be one mass. He explains that matter and vacuity can not occupy the same space, ...where there is empty space, there matter is not..., and these two things make up the entire universe. These invisible particles come together to form material objects, you and I are made of the same atoms as a chair or a tree. When the tree dies or the chair is thrown into a fire the atoms do not burn up or die, but are dispersed back into the vacuity. The atoms alone are without mind or secondary qualities, but they can combine to form living and thinking objects, along with sound, color, taste, etc... Atoms form life, consciousness, and the soul, and when our body dies there is nothing left of the latter except for its parts, which randomly become parts of other forms. Matter is never ending reality, only changing in its form. In the philosophical system developed by Irish philosopher George Berkeley, Idealism, Berkeley states that physical objects, matter, do not exist independent of the mind. The pencil that I am writing this essay with would not exist if I were not perceiving it with my senses, but in the dialogue between Hylus and Philonous Berkeley attempts to show things can and do exist apart from the human mind and our perception, but only because there is a mind in which all ideas are perceived or a deity that creates perception in the human mind, either way its God. He says that the external world can not be understood by thought, but sensible things, objects that we perceive, can be reduced to ideas in the mind. These ideas, or objects before the mind, possess primary qualities, the main structure, and secondary qualities, what we derive from our senses, which are inseparable. I'm confused about this, if I'm thinking about a star in a different galaxy, which makes the star an object before my mind, then where are the secondary qualities? Over all, idealism appears to be the antithesis of materialism in its approach to discovering the nature of the universe. Kant would say that both views are based on speculation and can not be proven, but I prefer Lucretius' views over Berkeleys' simply because he tries to keep a deity out of the picture. He claims that the gods are not concerned with the affairs of mortals, where as it seems that Berkeley uses god as an answer when he is unable to explain something. Although, Lucretius says that nature is responsible for the arrangement and combination of atoms. Wouldn't this suggest that nature is similar to a divinity? or is nature, which is only matter and space, the wall that separates the gods from mortals. Motivated by an animosity towards theological belief, Lucretius seems to take a much more scientific approach. One can not completely dismiss Berkeleys' views for, as Montague would say, there is obviously more going on than meets the eye.